| Nature |
Source |
| Uronic Acids |
Natural virgin pulp hemi-celluloses and pectins |
| Lignosulphanates |
Generated in sulphite pulping |
| Fatty Acids |
Pulp extractives and deinking collector |
| Silicates |
Deinking and peroxide bleaching |
| Polyacralates |
Dispersant in filler slurries, notably for coating |
| Oxidised starches |
Size press additive |
| Volatile fatty acids |
Generated microbiologically in papermaking |
| Sulphate |
Freshwater and alum addition |
| Humic/fulvic acids |
Freshwater |
| Calcium ions |
Freshwater and carbonate filler |
