TABLE 4: Charge density of selected papermaking materials.

 

 Material

 Charge Density

(eq/kg solids)

 Assumed level in System

(kg/ton fiber)

 System Charge Contribution

(eq/ton fiber)
 Glucuronoxylan  -0.7  10  -7
 Polyacrylate  -14  0.1  -1.4
 Native potato starch  -0.03  10  -0.3
 Anionic PAM  -4  0.2  -0.8
 CMC  -1.3  2  -2.6
 Cationic starch  +0.3  10  +3
 Cationic PAM  +4  0.4  +1.6
 PEI  +20  0.5  +1.6
 PolyDADMAC  +6  0.5  +10
 PAE resin  +6  2  +12
 PAC  +7  1  +7
 Alum (complex)  +5  5  +25